Homemade Wine Recipes from the 16th and 17th Centuries
The Lost Art of Wine Making at Home
Some Recipes Popular a Century Ago Revived to Show How Our Forefathers Brewed Their Own Beers, Made Their Own Ciders, Distilled Their Own Liquors.
The manufacture of homemade liquors is all but a lost art. A century ago every farm had its formulas, whether for the brewing of beer, or the making of cider, or wines from the fruits of the locality. But the wines of commerce became so cheap, and the coming of the railway made them so easily obtainable that, except in a few rare cases, the homemade sort fell into desuetude; whether innocuous or not is in dispute. Much water has passed under the bridge since Macculloch, writing in 1816, said, “the price of the sugar is the price of the wine.” Even in those days it was probably true only of certain kinds in certain conditions.
In collecting data on this subject it is necessary to go back a hundred years or more. No authoritative books have been published since about 1832, and those largely compilations from earlier works.
Here and there, in country neighborhoods, one finds some local dainty, so smooth on the toungue, so delicately flavored, as to pique the curiosity, and is rewarded by the information that the drink is compounded of dandelion or elder flowers. These are more of the liqueur or cordial type, and though delicious, soon pall. It is hard to imagine the drink habit contracted on a beverage of this sort.
There is, or was, another type, more frequently to be met with. It is usually compounded in the most artless manner, simply by pouring strong spirits of some sort over fruit, whether cooked or uncooked, which lent its name to the decoction…
Interest in these archaic formulas flagged. They were tedious and troublesome to carry out, and the product was buly to handle and slow to ripen. It was far easier–and, indeed, cheaper–to let some one else attend to the work.
Now, however, the situation has changed. All the world and his wife seem to be going about exchanging recipes involving raisins, brown sugar, yeast, and cider. There is even a story of a prominent man of letters making wine in a chafing dish, and setting up a whiskey still in a percolator, the “worm” of which apparatus (it is said) consisted of a putty blower bent around a chair leg.
Especially devised for the needs of such an experimenter might have been the following recipes, taken from an unpunctuated still-room book of the seventeenth and eighteenth century:
APRICOCKE WINE: Take to every pint of water 10 or 12 apricockes, let it boyle gently at first after a pace till it be strong of the fruit then let it stand and take some of the clear and bottle it; to a bottle take an ounce and half of sugar and stop it close. The sirrop yt comes from dried apricocks, put in white wine and bottled a month is very good.
GOOSEBERRY WINE: Take a skillet with a quart or three pints of gooseberries full ripe to a quart of Spring water. Set them on a soft fire and let them stand till the water taste sharp of the gooseberries, but let them not break to pieces for that will make your liquor thick; then strain it and boyle it again half as clear then set it in an earthen pan letting stand till the next day then bottle it up with three ounces of sugar to each bottle. Stop it not till it hath done working, but then very close. Redd gooseberries make a very pretty wine.
CHERRY WINE: Take of the best sort of cherries full ripe Stone them then breake them to mash and let them stand all night in something that will not change the color of the cherrie liquor next day strain them out in a jelly bagg & press out all the juice let it run upon Sugar and to every gallon putt a pound of Sugar then tun it up stop it close and let it stand a month or 6 weeks then draw it out into bottles & in every bottle put a little loaf of Sugar & stop it close.
QUINCE WINE: Grate your quinces strain them in a corse strainer and strain your juice through a flanin to every gallon of juice take a pound of fine sugar Stir it unitll your sugar be melt’d then put it into a barrel and bottle it after 24 hours.
RASPBERRY OR CURRANT WINE: To a quart of water take a pound of sugar and 3 pound of rasberries bruise them in a stone morter and put them into your water and Sugar and let it stand 24 hours, stirring 3 or 4 times then strain it through a hair Sive or canvas bag then tun it and stop it close in 3 or 4 weeks it will be fit to bottle it will keep a year you may make Goosberry wine this way.
SMALL WINE, otherwise called Solerion. You may do Rasberry this way: Take 2 gallons of Spring water set it over the fire and let it boyle well, take a pound of reasons of the Sun Slit them open but not Stone them and take a pound of white Sugar and when the water is boyl’d put the Sugar & reasons to it, either in a Steene or Caske put ye juice of 3 lemons and the rine of one thin pared Stiring it once a day keeping it close Stopped let it Stand 3 nights and 2 days. let it run through a jelly bag. bottle it up and in 8 or 9 days ’twill be fit to drink. After all, what use is punctuation? These recipes are perfectly clear and understandable without a comma to bless them. Their simplicity is, however, somewhat misleading, as the quantities given are proportional only, and the inexperienced must be warned that too small a quantity will not ferment at all.
The following are somewhat more ambitious:
GOOSEBERRY OR CURRANT WINE: Take 2 gallons of Spring water Set it over the fire boyle it a little then put 4 pound of powder Sugar let it boyle and Scume it well take it off and Strain it and when it is as cool as wort put 2 spoonfulls of barm to it let it worke a little then to every gallon of water put 5 quarts of Goosberrys or currants first hand pick’t and bruised put it in a little barrell & stir it once a day and keep it close stopt let it stand 3 or 4 days and when you begin to See it Sink Strain it through a jelly bag and put it in the Cask being walshed out with the Same liquor Stop it up very close & when you think it may be fine draw it off into bottles.
EBULUM DRINKE: Put one peck of Elder berries to the quantity of halfe a hogshead of Ale 2 penny worth of Ginger sliced 2 nutmegs and a penny worth of Cloves & mace bruise all your Spices boyle all toghether with the berries till they breake, then strain them through a Straining Sive and when tis coole as your usual wort pupt barme to it as to beer, there must be some be boyl’d in it. And when fitt to bottle, bottle it with a lump of loave Sugar it will drink much ye more Lively, it is good for ye Spleen or Dropsy.
ENGLISH CLARET: Take six gallons of water, two gallons of cider, and eight pounds of Malaga raisins, bruised; put them all together, and let them stand close covered in a warm place for a fortnight, stirring it every other day very well. Then strain out the liquor into a clean cask, and put to it a quart of barberries, a pint of the juice of raspberries, and a pint of the juice of blackberries. Work it up with a little mustard seed, and cover it with a piece of dough three or four days by the fire side; then let it stand a week, and bottle it off. When it becomes fine and ripe, it will be like common claret.
ENGLISH CHAMPAGNE: Take three gallons of water and nine pounds of moist sugar, boil the water and sugar half an hour, scum it clean, and then pour the boiling liquor upon one gallon of currants, picked from the stalks, but not bruised; and when cold, ferment it for two days with half a pint of good ale yeast; afterwards pour it through a flannel bag, and put it in a clean cask, with half a pint of isinglass finings. When it has done working, stop it close for a month, and then bottle it, putting into every bottle a very small lump of loaf sugar. This is an excellent wine, and has a fine color.
ENGLISH MOUNTAIN: First pick out the largest stalks of your Malaga raisins, then chop them very small, and put five pounds to every gallon of cold spring water. Let them remain a fortnight or more; then squeeze out the liquor, and put it in a proper cask, having been previously fumigated with a match. Let it remain unstopped till the hissing or fermentation has ceased; then bung it up, and when fine bottle it off.
CURRANT WINE: (Extracted from Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia): Gather your currants full ripe; break them well in a tub or vat; press them and measure your juice; add two-thirds water, and to each gallon of this mixture, (juice and water,) put three pounds of Muscovado sugar, the leaner and drier the better; very coarse sugar clarified will do just as well; stir it well til the sugar is dissolved, and then bung it up. Your juice should not stand over night, if you can help it, as it should not ferment before mixture. Observe that your cask be sweet and clean, do not be prevailed to add more than one-third of juice, as above prescribed, for that would render it infallibly hard and unpleasant; nor yet a greater proportion of sugar as it will certainly deprive it of its pure vinous taste. Fill your cask full, and leave a vent hole open. When the fermentation is over stop it up tight, and in six months it will be fit for use; like other wines, however, it will improve very much with age.
IMITATION MADEIRA: Put thirty gallons of soft water into a vessel at least one-third larger than sufficient to contain that quantity; and add to it one cwt. weight of Malaga raisins, grossly picked from their stalks. Mix the whole well together, and cover it partly with a linen cloth. When it has stood a little while in a warm place, it will begin to ferment, and must be well stirred twice in the twenty-four hours, for twelve of fourteen days. When the sweetness has nearly gone off, and the fermentation much abated, which will be perceived by the subsiding and the rest of the raisins, strain off the fluid, pressing it first by the hand, and afterward by a press, out of the raisins. Let this liquor be put into a sour wine castk well dried and warmed, adding eight pounds of fine sugar, and a little yeast, and reserving part of the liquor to be added from time to time, as the decline of the fermentation will give room. In this state the liquor must remain for a month with the bung hole open; and having filled the vessel with the reserved liquor let it be closely stopped, and kept for a year or longer and then bottled off. At the end of a year and a half it may be drunk, but will improve for four or five years. If this wine is kept a long time, so that no sweetness remain, it will very much resemble madeira.
N.B.–Some saving may be made in the expense, by eliminating the quantity of raisins and increasing that of sugar; or by diminishing the proportion of raisins and sugar, and adding clean malt spirits, when the bung of the cask is closed up. Any other raisins may be used as well as Malaga; but the thinner the skins and the sweeter the pulp, the stronger will be the wine.
PORT WINE (CHEAP): Cider, ten gallons, — honey, one gallon — carbonate of soda, six ounces. Strong tincture of grains of paradise (Guinea pepper) three quarters of a gallon–powdered catechu two and one half ounces. Color with a strong tincture of logwood and a small portion of burnt sugar. The laconic sponsor of this compound adds: “This wine is made without the admixture of any spirit, though a small portion would much improve it” The “working” so lightly alluded to in these and other receipts is none other than the process of fermentation upon which all the result of the finished product depends. Fermentation is the decomposition of the sugar contained in the “must” or expressed fruit juice, in the course of which carbonic gas is set free, and alcohol is formed. The must of which wine is made consists of a large proportion of water, holding in solution certain proportions of saccharine matter, of the fermentative principle, of various acids, and of various other ingredients.
The juice, having been extracted from the fruit, is put into a tub or cask, and left to itself in a suitable temperature. In twenty-four to forty-eight hours it commences to “work,” the first indications being the rise through the bung hole of a frothy, mucilaginous scum, characterized by large persistent bubbles specked with yeast and other refuse. This is called purging, and is different from the active effervescence of real fermentation, which sets in immediately after.
At the same time, the temperature of the fermenting mass begins to rise above that of the surrounding atmosphere. This rise continues for several days, or even a week or more, and until the saccharines begin to be weak. Then the fermentative action slackens gradually, and the temperature falls until it again reaches that of the surrounding atmosphere. Soon after this, fermentation ceases and the wine is dry. The barrel must be kept full while active fermentation continues. The wine must now be “racked,” or drawn off into well-sulphurized barrels, and placed in the coolest place available. The whole course of fermentation consumes, ordinarily, from four to ten days, according to the strength of the must and the degree of temperature, light musts fermented at high temperature being terminated in a shorter period, and rich must in low temperature requiring longer.
The wine must now be allowed to remain in quiescence for some days in order that the lees may deposit, providing no fermentative action reappears. In case there is such continued action, the new wine is immediately racked again into freshly sulphurized barrels.
After several days the greater part of the lees will have settled. There will still, however, remain in suspension some particles, from which the wine must be freed by clarification, or “fining,” which is done by means of some albuminous substance, preferably the whites of eggs, or gelatine.
Verum usque in præsentem diem multa garriunt inter se Canonici de abscondito quodam istius Abbatis Thomæ thesauro, quem sæpe, quanquam adhuc incassum, quæsiverunt Steinfeldenses. Ipsum enim Thomam adhuc florida in ætate existentem ingentem auri massam circa monasterium defodisse perhibent; de quo multoties interrogatus ubi esset, cum risu respondere solitus erat: “Job, [...] Read more →
On the decline of the Roman power, about five centuries after Christ, the countries of Northern Europe were left almost destitute of a national government. Numerous chiefs, more or less powerful, held local sway, as far as each [...] Read more →
It has been said by a thoughtful writer that the subject of witchcraft has hardly received that place which it deserves in the history of opinions. There has been, of course, a reason for this neglect—the fact that the belief in witchcraft is no longer [...] Read more →
Are you dissatisfied with the Savings Account and CD Interest Rates your bank currently has on offer?
If so, go to https://www.treasurydirect.gov and open an account. The U.S. Government’s iBonds are currently earning 9.62% interest through October of this year.
Individuals may purchase $10,000 worth of iBonds per [...] Read more →
The rude awakening over the past year of increasingly high food and gas prices has been quite the shock for the American consumer. The U.S. Federal Government and Federal Reserve Bank’s sluggish reaction to growing consumer price inflation certainly have not helped. If history is to be our guide, there is more [...] Read more →
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION16 CFR Part 23Guides for the Jewelry, PreciousMetals, and Pewter Industries
The US Government has laws guiding the business practices of the Jewelry and Precious Metals Industries. If you are unclear as a seller as to your obligations under the law as related to any [...] Read more →
Prisons as places of detention are very ancient institutions. As soon as men had learned the way to build, in stone, as in Egypt, or with bricks, as in Mesopotamia, when kings had many-towered fortresses, and the great barons castles [...] Read more →
Country House Essays, the book is now in print. This is an eclectic collection of both original, and historical essays, poems, books, and articles created for our loyal reader hear at CountryHouseEssays.com. It is jam packed with reprints of articles from this website. The cost is $49.95 for this massive [...] Read more →
Although the light of nature, and the works of creation and providence, do so far manifest the goodness, wisdom, and power of God, as to leave men inexcusable; yet are they not sufficient to give that knowledge of God, and of his will, which is necessary [...] Read more →
Harvey Wiley, Chief Chemist of the Department of Agriculture’s Division of Chemistry (third from the right) with his staff, not long after he joined the division in 1883. Wiley’s scientific expertise and political skills were a key to passage of the 1906 Food and Drugs Act and the creation of the FDA.
“Saint John’s Gate, Clerkenwell, the main gateway to the Priory of Saint John of Jerusalem,” black and white photograph by the British photographer Henry Dixon, 1880. The church was founded in the 12th century by Jordan de Briset, a Norman knight. Prior Docwra completed the gatehouse shown in this photograph in 1504. The gateway [...] Read more →
The University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee has a long heralded tradition of assisting farmers and growers through it’s Agricultural Extension Service. The following bulletin entitled Grape Growing in Tennessee discusses the Muscadine variety of grapes among others. Muscadine grapes are often found growing wild in Tennessee. On my grandfather’s West Tennessee [...] Read more →
Resolution adapted at the New Orleans Convention of the American Institute of Banking, October 9, 1919:
“Ours is an educational association organized for the benefit of the banking fraternity of the country and within our membership may be found on an equal basis both employees and employers; and in full appreciation [...] Read more →
Reprinted from FineModelShips.com with the kind permission of Dr. Michael Czytko
The SAN FELIPE is one of the most favoured ships among the ship model builders. The model is elegant, very beautifully designed, and makes a decorative piece of art to be displayed at home or in [...] Read more →
By the death of Mr. Scarth on the 5th of April, at Tangier, where he had gone for his health’s sake, the familiar form of an old and much valued Member of the Institute has passed away. Harry Mengden Scarth was bron at Staindrop in Durham, [...] Read more →
A Lecture Delivered at the Guildhall, March 2, 1853 by Rev. H.M. Scarth, M.A., Rector of Bathwick.
To understand the ancient history of the country in which we live, to know something of the arts and manners of the people who have preceded us, to ascertain what we owe to [...] Read more →
Eadweard Muybridge was a fascinating character. Click here to learn how Eadweard committed “Justifiable Homicide” after shooting his wife’s lover in 1874.
The arsenicals (compounds which contain the heavy metal element arsenic, As) have a long history of use in man – with both benevolent and malevolent intent. The name ‘arsenic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘arsenikon’ which means ‘potent'”. As early as 2000 BC, arsenic trioxide, obtained from smelting copper, was used [...] Read more →
Photo Caption: The Marquis of Zetland, KC, PC – otherwise known as Lawrence Dundas Son of: John Charles Dundas and: Margaret Matilda Talbot born: Friday 16 August 1844 died: Monday 11 March 1929 at Aske Hall Occupation: M.P. for Richmond Viceroy of Ireland Vice Lord Lieutenant of North Yorkshire Lord – in – Waiting [...] Read more →
The Hunt Saboteur is a national disgrace barking out loud, black mask on her face get those dogs off, get them off she did yell until a swift kick from me mare her voice it did quell and sent the Hunt Saboteur scurrying up vale to the full cry of hounds drowning out her [...] Read more →
From The Historian’s History of the World (In 25 Volumes) by Henry Smith William L.L.D. – Vol. XVI.(Scandinavia) Pg. 308-310
The northern part of the Scandinavian peninsula, as already noticed, had been peopled from the remotest times by nomadic tribes called Finns or Cwenas by the Norwegians and Lapps [...] Read more →
THE SNIPE, from the Shooter’s Guide by B. Thomas – 1811
AFTER having given a particular description of the woodcock, it will only. be necessary to observe, that the plumage and shape of the snipe is much the same ; and indeed its habits and manners sets bear a great [...] Read more →
Tuna fish being weighed on quay-side in Greece – Photo by Tom Oates
No two commercial tuna salads are prepared by exactly the same formula, but they do not show the wide variety characteristic of herring salad. The recipe given here is typical. It is offered, however, only as a guide. The [...] Read more →
Of the making of books about Napoleon there is no end, and the centenary of his death (May 5) is not likely to pass without adding to the number, but a volume on Napoleon”s pharmacists still awaits treatment by the student in this field of historical research. There [...] Read more →
Modern slow cookers come in all sizes and colors with various bells and whistles, including timers and shut off mechanisms. They also come with a serious design flaw, that being the lack of a proper domed lid.
The first photo below depicts a popular model Crock-Pot® sold far and wide [...] Read more →
Toxicity of Rhododendron From Countrysideinfo.co.UK
“Potentially toxic chemicals, particularly ‘free’ phenols, and diterpenes, occur in significant quantities in the tissues of plants of Rhododendron species. Diterpenes, known as grayanotoxins, occur in the leaves, flowers and nectar of Rhododendrons. These differ from species to species. Not all species produce them, although Rhododendron ponticum [...] Read more →
China has more ducks than any other country in the world. For this reason the Chinese have found interesting ways of converting the fowl into many palatable dishes. The duck used is the kind that dwells in marshes. The Muscovy duck is not a native of China and is called foreign duck.
Every home should have one to be opened in spring A jar that sits on the table full of baseball dreams
Inside will be found there pennants and things The smell of fresh cut grass and pinstriped rings A pair of old tickets to the game never played, Do you remember how cold it [...] Read more →
Setting up Tobacco Plants in Carolina – USDA Photo
THE FIRST step in producing a satisfactory crop of tobacco is to use good seed that is true to type. The grower often can save his own seed to advantage, if he wants to.
Before topping is done, he should go [...] Read more →
PAINTER-WORK, in the building trade. When work is painted one or both of two distinct ends is achieved, namely the preservation and the coloration of the material painted. The compounds used for painting—taking the word as meaning a thin protective or decorative coat—are very numerous, including oil-paint of many kinds, distemper, whitewash, [...] Read more →
There exists at present a good deal of misconception with regard to the practices of the Haṭha Yoga. People easily believe in the stories told by those who themselves [...] Read more →
When fresh, the eyes should be clear and not sunken, the feet limp and pliable, stiff dry feet being a sure indication that the bird has not been recently killed; the flesh should be firm and thick and if the bird is plucked there should be no [...] Read more →
St. Valentine kneeling in supplication – 1677 by David Teniers III
There is nothing more delightful than a great poetry reading to warm ones heart on a cold winter night fireside. Today is one of the coldest Valentine’s days on record, thus, nothing could be better than listening to [...] Read more →
Audubon started to develop a special technique for drawing birds in 1806 a Miill Grove, Pennsylvania. He perfected it during the long river trip from Cincinnati to New Orleans and in New Orleans, 1821.
It has been said by a thoughtful writer that the subject of witchcraft has hardly received that place which it deserves in the history of opinions. There has been, of course, a reason for this neglect—the fact that the belief in witchcraft is no longer [...] Read more →
Fried fish cakes are sold rather widely in delicatessens and at prepared food counters of department stores in the Atlantic coastal area. This product has possibilities for other sections of the country.
Gold or silver watch chains can be cleaned with a very excellent result, no matter whether they may be matt or polished, by laying them for a few seconds in pure aqua ammonia; they are then rinsed in alcohol, and finally. shaken in clean sawdust, free from sand. [...] Read more →
Prisons as places of detention are very ancient institutions. As soon as men had learned the way to build, in stone, as in Egypt, or with bricks, as in Mesopotamia, when kings had many-towered fortresses, and the great barons castles [...] Read more →
Reprint from The Sportsman’s Cabinet and Town and Country Magazine, Vol I. Dec. 1832, Pg. 94-95
To the Editor of the Cabinet.
SIR,
Possessing that anxious feeling so common among shooters on the near approach of the 12th of August, I honestly confess I was not able to [...] Read more →
We opened the doors on the old Dodge van parked under the big oak tree the old farm house etched with memory ropes hanging down and an old plank swing She kicked her bare feet playfully in the dirt and then soared to the sky Looking out over Illinois corn fields full in growth, [...] Read more →
From A History of Fowling, Being an Account of the Many Curios Devices by Which Wild Birds are, or Have Been, Capured in Different Part of the World by Rev. H.A. MacPherson, M.A.
THE RAVEN (Corvus corax) is generally accredited with a large endowment of mother wit. Its warning [...] Read more →
Have you ever wondered just how a Franklin Library Book is put together?
Franklin Library, a division of the Franklin Mint, as many a book collector can attest, was considered the equivalent of the Cadillac division of GM in the modern 20th Century book market. They put out [...] Read more →
The Abbots and Barons Leaving Bury St. Edmunds for Runnymeade – June A.D.1215
Note on Watercolour: F.A. Molony (fl. 1930-1938) was a Major in the Royal Engineers. The National Army Museum hold his work. His work was also shown at an exhibition of officers work at the R.B.A. Galleries (Army Officers’ Art [...] Read more →
Gathering the Fruit Picking the Fruit Bruising the Fruit Vatting the Fruit Vinous Fermentation Drawing the Must Pressing the Must Casking the Must Spirituous Fermentation Racking the Wine Bottling and Corking the Wine Drinking the Wine
GATHERING THE FRUIT.
It is of considerable consequence [...] Read more →
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION16 CFR Part 23Guides for the Jewelry, PreciousMetals, and Pewter Industries
The US Government has laws guiding the business practices of the Jewelry and Precious Metals Industries. If you are unclear as a seller as to your obligations under the law as related to any [...] Read more →
For years in the West African nation of Ghana medicine men have used a root and leaves from a plant called nibima(Cryptolepis sanguinolenta) to kill the Plasmodium parasite transmitted through a female mosquito’s bite that is the root cause of malaria. A thousand miles away in India, a similar(same) plant [...] Read more →
Gary Kravit is an airline pilot and artist. He also owns and operates https://theultimatetaboret.com. You may view Gary’s art at https://garrykravitart.blogspot.com/
Water, 1 gallon; sugar 2 pounds of water. 61/2 pints, and simple syrup. 2 1/2 pints; 2 pints of pineapple stock or 1 pint of pineapple stock and 1 pint of grated pineapple juice of 6 lemons. Mix, strain and freeze.
Ripping up and replacing a tiled floor is a daunting and expensive task, especially should one live in a fully furnished house full of antique furniture. An alternative is to hand paint the tiles which can save thousands of dollars in furniture removal, storage expenses and labor costs. Let’s not [...] Read more →
The arsenicals (compounds which contain the heavy metal element arsenic, As) have a long history of use in man – with both benevolent and malevolent intent. The name ‘arsenic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘arsenikon’ which means ‘potent'”. As early as 2000 BC, arsenic trioxide, obtained from smelting copper, was used [...] Read more →
Formerly vinegar was prepared on the farm to a greater extent than now. The introduction of laws for the control of the sale of vinegar, altho intended to help the honest manufacturer, has discouraged the preparation of vinegar for sale in a small way, not because it is difficult to meet the requirements [...] Read more →
Four Seasons fill the measure of the year; There are four seasons in the mind of man: He has his lusty spring, when fancy clear Takes in all beauty with an easy span; He has his Summer, when luxuriously Spring’s honied cud of youthful thoughts he loves To ruminate, and by such dreaming high [...] Read more →
The downloadable audio clip is of FDR’s Second Fireside Chat recorded on May 7th, 1933.
The transcript that follows is my corrected version of the transcript that is found The American Presidency Project website that was created by Gerhard Peters and Professor [...] Read more →
From Conquest of the Tropics by Frederick Upham Adams
Chapter VI – Birth of the United Fruit Company
Only those who have lived in the tropic and are familiar with the hazards which confront the cultivation and marketing of its fruits can readily understand [...] Read more →
DISTILLING TURPENTINE One of the Most Important Industries of the State of Georgia Injuring the Magnificent Trees Spirits, Resin, Tar, Pitch, and Crude Turpentine all from the Long Leaved Pine – “Naval Stores” So Called.
Dublin, Ga., May 8. – One of the most important industries [...] Read more →
Four times the nuptial bed she warm’d, And every time so well perform’d, That when death spoil’d each husband’s billing, He left the widow every shilling. Fond was the dame, but not dejected; Five stately mansions she erected With more than royal pomp, to vary The prison of her captive When Hardwicke’s towers shall bow [...] Read more →
Reprinted from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA.org)
The traditional means of obtaining banana planting material (“seed”) is to acquire suckers from one’s own banana garden, from a neighbor, or from a more distant source. This method served to spread common varieties around the world and to multiply them [...] Read more →
The Specialist as a member of a stock exchange has two functions.’ He must execute orders which other members of an exchange may leave with him when the current market price is away from the price of the orders. By executing these orders on behalf [...] Read more →
This beautifully illustrated New Testament based on the 1611 KJV Bible is published in Limited Edition of 500 Copies World Wide. Included at the end of the text is an unabridged copy of Albert J. Edmunds 1917 classic work, The Oldest Resurrection Documents. Edmunds’ book on the Resurrection utilized source [...] Read more →
Slice 5 pounds lean beef (flank steak or similar cut) into strips 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick, 1 to 2 inches wide, and 4 to 12 inches long. Cut with grain of meat; remove the fat. Lay out in a single layer on a smooth clean surface [...] Read more →
Linseed oil is readily available in many oil painters’ studios. Yardley London Shea Butter Soap can be purchased from a dollar store or pound shop on the cheap. These two ingredients make for the basis of an excellent cleaning system for cleaning oil painting brushes.
